Thursday, October 31, 2019

Male Bird Song Evolves in order to Attract a Female for Mating Research Paper

Male Bird Song Evolves in order to Attract a Female for Mating - Research Paper Example Further these qualities are also indicators of the physiological characteristics and genotype of the male partner and thus have high likelihood of influencing female choice. However the study of birdsong and its evolutionary significance in influencing female choice is yet at its infancy. Many new aspects are beginning to emerge. Deriving conclusions and making generalization at this stage would be inappropriate and inaccurate. MALE BIRD SONG EVOLVES IN ORDER TO ATTRACT A FEMALE FOR MATING INTRODUCTION Birdsong can be defined as long complex vocalizations produced mainly in breeding season (Catchpole & Slater, 1995). The best known birds in terms of their singing abilities are oscine birds, also referred to as passerines or perching birds. They belong to the order Passeriformes and are classified on the basis of their unique musculature of the syrinx or the vocal organ (Warner, 1972). In most of the temperate species of passerines, the males are exclusively the singers. The male bird sings either as a means of expression during male-male aggression or for attracting the female (Catchpole & Slater, 1995). ... BACKGROUND Communication is a primary requisite for functional ability. Humans must communicate to form relationships, fulfil their needs, organize and function. Animals communication is essential for food gathering, reproduction and survival; the three basic needs of all animals. However, unlike humans animals do not speak. In fact all animals possess their unique methods of communication (Hauser, 2000). Flowers send signals in form of fragrances and colour at the time of bloom to insects for pollination; meerkats communicate through scent, sounds and body language; lions communicate through body contact and sound, while birds communicate verbally through songs and coos (Rowe & Skelhorn, 2004). Communication systems, irrespective of nature and origin, comprise of two essential components: signal and tactical design. The signal is an important carrier of information from the sender to the receiver. In researches involving communication, study of nature of signal as an important deter minant of its goal is pursued (Rowe & Skelhorn, 2004). The signal evolution is in accordance with the function it is expected to perform. This is termed as strategic component of the signal (Guilford & Dawkins, 1991). Tactical design encompasses the properties of the communication determined by the transmission characteristics of the environment and the sensory and perceptual abilities of the receiver. To define the latter the term â€Å"receiver Psychology† was introduced by Guilford and Dawkins (1991) and was considered a significant determinant of the evolution of signals. Studies on bio-acoustics or animal sounds can be traced back to a research paper published by

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Nursery Rhymes Essay Example for Free

Nursery Rhymes Essay So here I am, really scared and nervous, but here’s a secret my mum told me, adults are just as anxious talking in public, the trick is to picture everyone in clown suits; my Apa’s red nose really suits her. Hmm, my speech is supposed to be humorous and as a 6 year old nothing is more hilarious as old nursery rhymes I mean can you really picture a huge egg perched on a wall, and why on earth did the king send his army to help humpty when maybe a chef would’ve done instead. Again, why on earth was the king involved? Then you get insy wincy, for being a spider he wasn’t a very bright spark. He firstly climbed up a water spout.. let’s see, cloudy day, water sprout..rain..light bulb..ting†¦but no, he goes and climbs up the spout. Again next time use the wall, he must have been a male, duh.. We pass the old age home every day on our way to school. I always feel sorry for these poor people; I mean how can people leave their mom’s there. But then I think about the old women who lived in a shoe.. Now that’s really sad, sure do hope it’s a really big shoe. Nursery rhymes are really silly, but if you can’t beat them join them. There’s my version: There was an old woman who lived in a shoe. The place was disgusting and smelled like pee-ewe! The windows were drafty. The roof was a leaker. But thats what you get When you live in a sneaker. Humpty Dumpty sat in a tree. Humpty Dumpty got stung by a bee. He fell out and hit his head, and now he thinks his name is Fred. The tighty-whity spider went down the waterslide. Got a water wedgie halfway down the ride. Jumped up and screamed and ran around in pain. Now the tighty-whity spider will not do that again.

Sunday, October 27, 2019

An Introduction To Euro-Banking

An Introduction To Euro-Banking As the whole levels of economic are rising, the notion of people and companies about money are more important. Banking is financial institutions to absorb public deposits, issuing loans and bills discounted, and other processing. It through deposits, loans, foreign exchange, savings and other business, take the credit intermediary financial institutions. Casu (2006) said: banks have three roles that are size transformation, maturity transformation, and risk transformation to collect funds from units in surplus and lend funds to unit in deficit.(Introduction to banking, 2006, P: 7) So eurobanking is financial intermediaries that handling services for Eurocurrency market. It has global services for each branches and customers. Besides, it uses modern communication tools, and relies on its advanced technology and management to control transaction for Eurocurrency market. In addition, supply and demand of European currencies was linked to form a number of famous financial centers. Therefore, eurobanking is a tool to help European currency becoming an efficient and getting a high degree of global integration. Summing up, although European currency is a virtual market, eurobanking can help Europe market, and bring effectively working. And the purpose of eurobanking is to provide an opportunity for members to improve for European currency financial markets. Source:http://www.eurobankingonline.net/welcome.htm Main body Facing on economic forces, there are many sides to stimulated and sustained eurobanking. For example, there are comparative and competitive advantages, economies of clustering and agglomeration, location economies, globalisation, and internationalisation to influence and protect eurobanking. Firstly, from the characteristic of Eurocurrency market, the relationship between euronbanking and economic forces can be shown. Eurocurrency market is a very attractive market. It is very different between other market and financial markets in Western countries, as well as traditional international financial markets. Besides it is a free international financial market, and has the following main features of: (1) It is operate very free. Because the European currency market is countries not obey to any restrictions on government regulation and taxation of the market. For example, it is a flexible loan terms, then borrower does not limit uses. Therefore, this market is not only consistent with the needs of multinational companies and importers and exporters, but also in line with many Western countries and developing countries. (2) Its huge funds. The money for Euro market funds is come from around the world. And it could fit a variety of different types of countries and their banks, businesses and the different purposes for different needs. (3) Scheduling flexibility. Euro market is simplicity, and it has a strong competitive. Because these funds without any jurisdiction. The market and the Western countries comparing with the traditional, there is a strong competitive. (4) A unique interest rate system. Its deposit rates relatively high but lending interest rates are relatively low. It is because it is not subject on the maximum interest rates on deposits. Therefore, the deposits and borrowers have same attractive for European market. (5) A wholesale market. its operating is in the majority of transactions between banks. Interbank lending of funds between the money market operations in Europe accounted for a large proportion of the total. It is also a wholesale market, as most borrowers and depositors are some big clients, Therefore, a great amount of each transaction, generally vary from a few million, more than you can reach hundreds of millions or even billions of dollars. Source: http://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA From this information, we will know eurobanking is a financial intermediary to help the Eurocurrency to get its goal and great benefit. So the eurobanking also has these feature that are free operate, huge funds, scheduling flexibility, and unique interest rate of euro marke. There is bar table figure 13.4 to show income composition of the eurobanking. At begin eurobanks have over 70 per cent net interest income of their revenue from business loans in 1994, but when 2003 the figure had declined to 60 per cent. From this table eurobanking can help European market to operate.Johns opinion (2001)is that eurobanking have large number of small local and regional banks ,however ,with substantial branch operations serving together with the main commercial banks and specialist lenders, a wide range of banking customer.(European banking 2001 P:11) Secondly, Eurobanking is different from other bank about the structure and theory, because it has different background between European Union and other country. In the same part, they are enterprise of running money, and their objective is giving convenient to the social, which is a very important financial institutions member. On the other hand, we can see the different part that the target of eurobank is deposits into currency funds that are idle in the community and micro-currency to savings together. Then in the way of loans to lent companies that need to get European currencies to use. In here, eurobank is as an intermediary to lenders and borrowers to act. Whats more, it is supply many services for a loan between residents and non-residents. It stands for eurobanking is especially department to bring the global economic development and social progress in an all-around way for European market. Because eurobanking have many feature that others banking mot have. For example, its operated very free, no government limit, and services the whole world. Thirdly, in this part is Economies of clustering and agglomeration and eurobanking. We know European markets are component by globalisation and internationalisation banks. These banks have been pan-called Eurobank. So it is not an institution, but it likes function. European market operations consist of two parts: one is the bank lending; another part of non-bank transactions. From the loan funds, methods and operational nature can be divided into money markets in Europe and the European capital markets. Therefore, eurobanking through many different ways, like get concert other banks and offer different services. For instance, it gives international lending business tends to spread, make sources of bank funds from sporadic to large. And use the way about often after the first, provides loans to borrowing, lending interest rates to borrow the interest rate changes with the periodic adjustment. From these methods, European market can assimilate many foreign banks funds and running them. Eurobanking also spend on long-term loans buyers credits and European bonds to offer, so the volume of business increased dramatically. Besides, it often gives the borrower to sign a loan contract, and at a later time to borrow money from other places. Finally ¼Ã…’technological have transformed most industrial sectors, for the technological of banking as information-based firms to deal monetary ,so it is necessary for European market. Casu (2006) proposed: the technological development of eurobanking can supply saving in the cost and time of providing financial services and increased revenues through the development of an array of new financial product. And there are two factors to describe the technological innovation of eurobanking. First, the production function in banking has become more capital-intensive, given that the share of non-staff operating costs has increased in most of the European systems. Second diffusion of in formation technology is transforming banking delivery channels. (Introduction to banking, 2006, P: 361-363) Therefore eurobanking are well placed to take advantage of technological advances. And it can help banking chose the good way to improve their own innovative. Whats more it can purchase bespoke best-practice system and implement tem with less disruption. Conclusion Eurobanking is good place to solve and process the economic services about is not existing in the country market profession. And the market transaction of European is the object of the European Monetary. To determine whether the amount of monetary is Europes money, it will depend on whether the payment of the deposit reserve requirement. In general, this work is done by eurobaking. Therefore, eurobaking is management the bank monetary liabilities the European currency non-resident offshore. Furthermore, it also manages European currencies in the non-residents and non-resident domestic currency loans. Europe is mainly engaged in non-residents and non-resident lending has become separated from the domestic financial markets, the offshore financial market. It can be said that the traditional international financial markets are the external part of the worlds financial markets, while European currencies market is outside the part of the worlds financial markets. By these informantion about characteristic, different, clustering agglomeration, and technological of eurobanking, we can intensively to know what is eurobanking. It is financial intermediaries that handling the Eurocurrency market. And it can bring efficiency to Eurocurrency. Whats more, it has many especially characteristic than other banking. Likely, eurobanking is a tool to help European currency becoming an efficient and getting a high degree of global integration. And it is not limited on some rate and banking services.

Friday, October 25, 2019

the tattooed soldier Essay --

Los Angeles, California is often seen as the city of dreams. Hollywood paints the picture of Los Angeles as a place of endless possibilities. Los Angeles is also thought as the city where dreamers can come with nothing in their pocket and become an over night success story. Many Americans and immigrants come to Los Angeles with the same dream of success. In The Tattooed Soldier Tobar describes how this fictionalized â€Å"American dream† version of the Los Angeles affects immigrants. In the novel Tobar followed two Guatemalan immigrants Antonio and Longeria who live very different lifestyles in their home country and in America. Los Angeles seemed to be the land of dreams and promise to both characters, however; Los Angeles becomes a place of harsh reality for Antonio and Longeria. In the novel we watch how Antonio and Longeria adjust to the struggles of being immigrants in Los Angeles, , and what makes man a man. In the first section of The Tattooed Soldier are introduced Antonio. Antonio is coming to Los Angeles to escape the Guatemalan government, and views Los Angeles as a place where...

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Causes and Effects of Homework Essay

Homework is a thing that has been around for many years. While some assignments are big, and some are small, they both have one thing in common: they add a large amount of stress to the student’s life. Many things bring on homework: upcoming tests, grades, main ideas that must be learned. These are fair reasons to assign assignments, because they teach you new abilities and let you practice certain skills. With good reasons, there are unfair reasons as well. Teachers who have nothing better to do, students misbehaving, and students not reaching the desired stopping point in the teacher’s schedule. These causes put an abnormal amount of stress on the students. Read more:  How to write a good cause and effect essay. First, let’s focus on the good reasons. Homework can be a valuable tool in the teacher’s hands, but only if they know how to wield that tool properly. Giving students 2 hours of boring homework will not encourage the student to learn. They will just skim through, filling in the answers. On the other hand, if a teacher gives a one hour assignment that interesting and fun, then the student will be more enthusiastic about it, therefore absorbing the assignment instead of skimming over it. Homework allows the teacher additional time to teach the student. If certain skills are needed later on in life (or at least on the SAT exam), the homework would allow more time for the student to remember the skill. If there is an upcoming test (finals, SAT, etc.), assigning homework is a great way for the teacher make sure the student studies. With all of these benefits, there have to be some drawbacks. Teachers who assign a lot of homework, especially when it is due the next day, are feared. Students are stressed and can’t go into that teacher’s room without feeling dread at how long tonight’s assignment is going to take. One hour, two, or more? They wait in fear for the announcement of the homework assignment. After a grueling night of studying and writing, the students barely have enough time to sleep. They sleep in through their alarm, missing breakfast and their bus. Their parents have to drive their kids to school, which makes their parents mad at them, adding even more stress to the  students’ life. The student gets to school late, interrupting the class and receiving another tardy, and/or a detention. This puts them into a bad mood, and they can’t think about school because they are thinking about the detention. This leads to bad grades, more of their parents’ nagging, an d more stress on that individual’s life. See how one teacher’s long assignment can affect a student’s day. Terrible, isn’t it? While all of this stuff might not happen in a single day, some of it happens every day to a select few individuals. All of this can be avoided if plenty of time is given for each homework assignment, and if they are never due on Monday’s. If the teacher assigns the due date on Tuesday and reminds the class of it on Monday, the â€Å"I forgot it at home† excuse will no longer be valid. Overall, homework is a necessary evil; it teaches and gives you a headache at the same time. Some teachers should lighten up on the workload, especially math teachers. To sum everything up, a good analogy for homework is like taking prescription medication. A little is good for you, while an overdose can be a serious health risk.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Men Continuous Searching for the New Avenue of the Known and Unknown Reality

The title itself gives a fascinating debate. The â€Å"Known Reality† can be broadly explained because humans already know what it is. It is already known by many people. If we give meaning to the â€Å"Unknown Reality† it is something we haven’t seen yet, went yet or even discovered. How will man find the access to that reality? Will we know if it is the unknown we’ve been searching for? I’ll give my opinion on the â€Å"Unknown†, maybe it is the reality that is already in front of us but we don’t see it because we neglect our understanding for it.Maybe we don’t open our minds and make that reality unknown. The avenue between the known and unknown is being open minded, trying to listen in both sides for us to understand both realities. If we keep tolerating ourselves in neglecting our capability to understand, then man will have an endless search for that avenue. Contradiction to that, if man has the determination and hunger to seek the truth, then they will find what they are looking for that both reality is there, and will realize that the avenue to it is the ability to listen and understand.If man continues to be blind, they will never reach that avenue and the â€Å"Unknown Reality† itself. Both realities are in front of us. But people only pay attention to only one side and brings an effect of ignorance to people. Many people have not yet realized the truth that is being laid down to them for being ignorant. I believe that what they are searching for is easily seen when we give understanding to it. Men Continuous Searching for the New Avenue of the Known and Unknown Reality The title itself gives a fascinating debate. The â€Å"Known Reality† can be broadly explained because humans already know what it is. It is already known by many people. If we give meaning to the â€Å"Unknown Reality† it is something we haven’t seen yet, went yet or even discovered. How will man find the access to that reality? Will we know if it is the unknown we’ve been searching for? I’ll give my opinion on the â€Å"Unknown†, maybe it is the reality that is already in front of us but we don’t see it because we neglect our understanding for it.Maybe we don’t open our minds and make that reality unknown. The avenue between the known and unknown is being open minded, trying to listen in both sides for us to understand both realities. If we keep tolerating ourselves in neglecting our capability to understand, then man will have an endless search for that avenue. Contradiction to that, if man has the determination and hunger to seek the truth, then they will find what they are looking for that both reality is there, and will realize that the avenue to it is the ability to listen and understand.If man continues to be blind, they will never reach that avenue and the â€Å"Unknown Reality† itself. Both realities are in front of us. But people only pay attention to only one side and brings an effect of ignorance to people. Many people have not yet realized the truth that is being laid down to them for being ignorant. I believe that what they are searching for is easily seen when we give understanding to it.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

English Essay Kim Vs

English Essay Kim Vs English Essay Kim Vs Caleb Wong November 10,2014 Essay Kim vs. JLC Authors have always criticized each other’s writings many years in their context and the way they write. Elaine Kim poses a criticism towards Amy Tam’s writing of The Joy Luck Club. Elaine was against how Amy wrote her book thinks that Asian authors are brainwashed by mainstream publishers and readers to write about people immigrating to different places. She believes that people want to see â€Å"progress† from savagery to civilization, but The Joy Luck Club refutes her statement by talking about the better lives immigrants find in America. I qualify Kim’s statement because there are different matters that need to be seen before making that statement like history and styles of people. Elaine’s statement is kind of true to The Joy Luck Club but also does not totally concern it. It is true how authors try to write only to please the desires of the readers, which Elaine explains in her statement in how people want to see â€Å"progress from savagery to civilization. Authors are brainwashed by mainstream publishers and readers, which alters the way they write their books and stories. Although Elaine has a good point in how people are changing in their writing, she criticizes Amy in how she writes which is wrong because each person has his or her own preference in writing. Amy and Elaine’s style are different which isn’t our choice weather to judge, which one is better or not. Each author has their own goal in what they want to share weather it is a moral, lesson, history, etc. Plus, you can’t blame Amy for the way she wrote about

Sunday, October 20, 2019

The Tempest by William Shakespeare

The Tempest by William Shakespeare The relationships between fathers and daughters are usually particular. This connection is greater when a father have to bring up a daughter himself. It is obvious that no matter how old a daughter is a father always considers her as a small girl who needs care and protection.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Tempest by William Shakespeare specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The appearance of one more man near a lovely daughter is usually considered as the attempt to still the dearest person in the world, that is why many fathers are usually against their daughters’ relationships with other men no matter how good these men are. The denial is the first reaction fathers usually experience and their desire to check a man is understood. One of the main conditions according to which a daughter is going to be protected in the future is the strong assuredness that a daughter is in good and loving hands, protected lik e under the father’s care. Reading the play The Tempest by William Shakespeare, it becomes obvious that the same situation is happening among Prospero, Miranda and Ferdinand. Starting the discussion with Prospero and Miranda it should be mentioned that living on the island, Prospero understands how cruel the surrounding world may be. However, Miranda is really naà ¯ve and cannot distract the simple problem from the real disaster. Taking care for a daughter, Prospero is ready to create the fake problems and put the intentions of loving Ferdinand under question just to make sure that the man is ready to fight for his daughter and to win in this battle. At the very beginning of the play Prospero says the following to Miranda, I have done nothing but I care of thee,Advertising Looking for essay on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Of thee, my dear one, thee, my daughter, who Art ignorant of what thou art, nought knowing Of whence I am: nor that I am more better Than Prospero, master of a full poor cell, And thy no greater father (Shakespeare 7). This phrase directs the further relations between Prospero, Miranda and the men who surround her. Everything Miranda knows is the merit of her farther. Being educated, polite and well bread, Miranda is a great example of an ideal daughter and a wife. It seems that father is going to be glad when she meets a person with whom they are going to live together, however, everything is absolutely different. Trying to make sure that Miranda is going to be safe and protected, Prospero in interested in pleasing her at the island. Still, he could not predict the appearance of Ferdinand who spoiled all the dreams of the father. Each father wants their daughters to be happy, however, at the same time, many fathers are sure that their children are going to be near them all the time.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The T empest by William Shakespeare specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The appearance of Ferdinand on the island and the first scene where Miranda and Ferdinand meet each other seems too dangerous for Prospero. Prospero cannot trust Ferdinand and tries to check his intentions. Prospero understands that Miranda is going to fall in love with Ferdinand as there is no another way out. A girl has been at the island for the last 12 years (since she was 15) and the natural desire of a young woman to love and to be loved is essential. However, Prospero does not want Ferdinand to get such a great woman as his daughter for free, without battles. Prospero understands that being restricted from the whole world, Miranda is not going to reject Ferdinand’s courtship. At the same time considering his daughter as a great prize, too expensive and unique, Prospero uses his magic to force Ferdinand to suffer. Even though Miranda has never been fallen in love, sh e understands that she is ready to do anything for her lover, [I weep] at mine unworthiness, that dare not offer What I desire to give, and much less take What I shall die to want. But this is trifling, And all the more it seeks to hide itselfAdvertising Looking for essay on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The bigger bulk it shows. Hence, bashful cunning, And prompt me, plain and holy innocence. I am your wife, if you will marry me. If not, I’ll die your maid. To be your fellow You may deny me, but I’ll be your servant Whether you will or no (Shakespeare 60) The further dialogue is the expression of the feelings where two young people exchange the desire to be together â€Å"a thousand thousand† hours (Shakespeare 60). Even though this scene presupposes that two lovers are not going to meet any difficulties, that these people are not going to suffer, Miranda’s father thinks differently. The story of love discussed in the play is like any other love-story has to suffer greatly to have a happy end. Being able to control everything and everyone on the island, it is difficult to imagine that Prospero is not going to use an opportunity to create difficulties for the fiancà © if the bride is not ready (or is not taught) to create those. It is impossible to say w hether it is the desire to make sure that all the rules are followed as when people love each other they are to be together. It seems that the author of the pay intentionally creates the sarcastic situation. Lovers can be together without any difficulties, however, the usual estate of affairs is different and there is a person who can create the complications. Still, the lovers are predicted to be together. The author shows the reader that it is Prospero who unites two lovers to underline the fact that everything on the island is under his control. Therefore, it may be concluded that the romantic relationships between Miranda and Ferdinand are possible only because Miranda’s father allows them. At the same time, looking at the situation from the perspective of the acknowledgeable audience, it becomes obvious that Prospero is exactly the person who has created additional circumstances on the way for lovers’ union. Why is it necessary? Whether the desire to create the si tuation which usually appears is that great? Reading the final words Prospero expresses to the audience, it becomes obvious that Prospero believes himself the director of the destinies of people who surround him. Miranda and Ferdinand’s love is neither predicted nor directed by Prospero, that is why he wants to make sure that all the occasions which happen on the island (like it was before Ferdinand and his family arrived) are caused or controlled by him. â€Å"Our revels now are ended. These our actors†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Shakespeare 82) are the final words in the play which support the idea of Prospero’s desire to control the whole island with people there. Therefore, the love of two people sometimes depends not on the circumstances which appear, but on people who surround them as sometimes the desire to be the main person in the lives of others may put under question the positive intentions. Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. New York: Cricket House Books LLC, 2010. Pr int.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Cellphone Addiction

Negative effects of cell phone addiction include isolation and unbalanced priorities. There are effective solutions for treating the addiction, once you identify the symptoms. Symptoms of Cell Phone Addiction Take a step back and ask yourself how important your cell phone is to your day. If your phone use reduces the quality of your life, you may have an addiction. Perhaps you carry the gadget around with you even when you do not leave home; you look at the screen as you walk and constantly check it for missed calls. Another symptom is you feel the need to have the device with you at the dinner table and look at apps rather than talking to family members over meals. Is your cell phone constantly in your hand or within your line of vision? You obsess over the item; your obsession is a cell phone addiction. Look at your phone bill. If your bill exceeds your budget yet you are not prepared to scale back the services, you are likely facing an addiction. Another factor to consider is whether the gadget is getting in the way of your social life. Perhaps you cancel lunches with friends in favor of staying home to keep up with social networks via your mobile. When the device gets in the way of your real life events in a negative way, you likely have a cell phone addiction. Causes There are many causes of the addiction. The cell phone may be just one part of a larger addiction to technology in general. After all, many smartphones are equipped with apps to play games, browse the internet, and send emails. Online social media networks are growing rapidly. There are several, with the big players including Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest. Your friends and family members are joining networks too. You often â€Å"talk† to one another on the networks as your schedules keep you too busy to meet face to face. If you have made new online friends through the networks, your cell phone provides a way to connect with these people when they live in other cities and even in other countries. You trade media links, such as articles and photos. The interaction is fun and you begin to spend more time daily on your mobile device. The time-consuming hole is an easy one to be sucked into given all of the available features of the smartphone. http://christywrites. hubpages. com/hub/cell-phone-addiction-the-symptoms-and-methods-of-treatment Cellphone Addiction Negative effects of cell phone addiction include isolation and unbalanced priorities. There are effective solutions for treating the addiction, once you identify the symptoms. Symptoms of Cell Phone Addiction Take a step back and ask yourself how important your cell phone is to your day. If your phone use reduces the quality of your life, you may have an addiction. Perhaps you carry the gadget around with you even when you do not leave home; you look at the screen as you walk and constantly check it for missed calls. Another symptom is you feel the need to have the device with you at the dinner table and look at apps rather than talking to family members over meals. Is your cell phone constantly in your hand or within your line of vision? You obsess over the item; your obsession is a cell phone addiction. Look at your phone bill. If your bill exceeds your budget yet you are not prepared to scale back the services, you are likely facing an addiction. Another factor to consider is whether the gadget is getting in the way of your social life. Perhaps you cancel lunches with friends in favor of staying home to keep up with social networks via your mobile. When the device gets in the way of your real life events in a negative way, you likely have a cell phone addiction. Causes There are many causes of the addiction. The cell phone may be just one part of a larger addiction to technology in general. After all, many smartphones are equipped with apps to play games, browse the internet, and send emails. Online social media networks are growing rapidly. There are several, with the big players including Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest. Your friends and family members are joining networks too. You often â€Å"talk† to one another on the networks as your schedules keep you too busy to meet face to face. If you have made new online friends through the networks, your cell phone provides a way to connect with these people when they live in other cities and even in other countries. You trade media links, such as articles and photos. The interaction is fun and you begin to spend more time daily on your mobile device. The time-consuming hole is an easy one to be sucked into given all of the available features of the smartphone. http://christywrites. hubpages. com/hub/cell-phone-addiction-the-symptoms-and-methods-of-treatment

Friday, October 18, 2019

Role of the Midwife in Supporting Breastfeeding Essay

Role of the Midwife in Supporting Breastfeeding - Essay Example Her responsibilities include delivering the newborn and its care during the first weeks of life in addition to offering advice to women during this time of excitement, anxiety and uncertainty in their life.   An overview of the care provided includes ensuring the mother understands the necessary preventative measures taken during pregnancy to increase the odds for a healthy baby, detect atypical circumstances in both mother and baby, react quickly and appropriately during an emergency situation and secure medical assistance if necessary.   A formal description of the qualifications necessary to become a midwife is as follows: â€Å"A midwife is a person who, having been regularly admitted to a midwifery educational programme, duly recognised in the country in which it is located, has successfully completed the prescribed course of studies in midwifery and has acquired the requisite qualifications to be registered and/or legally licensed to practise midwifery† (â€Å"Defin ition of the Midwife†, 2003).   The Role of the Midwife The midwife’s responsibility is commonly thought to be the delivery of babies. Though this may be the main event in the process, the role of a midwife is much broader. They care and provide support not only to women and newborn babies but to husbands and family members as well.   They are available to all parties of the household during the entirety of the pregnancy, birth and as long as needed thereafter.   â€Å"She [the midwife] has an important task in health counseling and education, not only for the women.

Women and Poverty in the Philippines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Women and Poverty in the Philippines - Essay Example Bear in mind that in a lot of these cases the women are primary income earners, and in their quest for high-paying jobs they often rolling the dice with a heavy heart. A lot of the income earned by these women fuel the economies of their home countries to the tune of millions of dollars annually. The question is, have the effects of poverty effectively dehumanized the women living in developing countries Let us take a closer look at the situation of women in the Philippines, one of the world's leading providers of woman migrant workers because of the seething poverty that is prevalent in the country. (United Nations Development Fund for Women, 2008) Women in the Philippines are considered the backbone of its society, being a Roman Catholic country. While most men are still the primary wage earners, a significant portion of women are the breadwinners of an increasingly large number of single-parent households. Now, the main point of contention here is that the Philippines is not exactly an equal opportunity employer. The majority of the well-paying jobs still go to the men, and women are oftentimes relegated to low-paying, menial work such as secretarial jobs or clerking posts. And that's if they choose to do it the " honorable" way. Rampant stories run abound about with nursing school graduates saddled with an unwanted pregnancy, and are then forced to work as prostitutes to support the child as the husband had abandoned her. The Philippines is a country seemingly built for infidelity, and the practice is as socially accepted as it can ever get.. Thus, women are often saddled with unwanted babies, and with no good-paying jobs t o support them, are forced to turn to drastic measures. (Department of Social Welfare and Development, 2008) While not all women are keen on exploring prostitution as a living , the next best alternative is to look for jobs abroad as a migrant worker. A lot of times these women would roll the dice and pay exorbitant "placement fees" to recruitment agencies just to land jobs overseas. These fees can go as high up as $1000- $2000, and some agency contracts will automatically deduct the amount through monthly installments from whatever will be earned overseas. For a country where the daily minimum wage is approximately Php 365 (roughly about $9), these placement fees oftentimes have these migrant worker aspirants committing their entire life savings in the hope for a better life. (Department of Labor and Employment, 2008) Because of poverty, it truly is a shot in the dark for these women, and they are willing to risk everything in order for their families to live comfortably. Once again, the burden of sacrifice is left on their shoulders. If the Filipina is lucky enough to indeed land the job she was promised, one last pitfall is to be at the mercy of an abusive employer. These all the more illustrate the sorry state of poverty in the Philippines, where economic status is terribly disproportionate, just like in India. The rich are ridiculously wealthy, while the rest of the country toils in crippling poverty. There is no defined middle class, hence no decent-paying jobs are available for majority of these women. (Countrystudies : Philippines, 2008) In the

East and West Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

East and West - Essay Example It is then that Jesus named Simon his chief disciple, giving him the name Peter meaning â€Å"rock†. At the point of the naming, Jesus blessed Simon and made his promise of building an everlasting and Holy Church upon the â€Å"rock† that was Simon Peter. Upon the death of Jesus Christ, Simon Peter became the Chief priest and head of the other disciples to spearhead the apostolic era spread of the Gospel. It then happened that Simon Peter became the first person among the disciples to establish the very first church in Rome (Dowley 195). As believed by many Catholics, the murder of Peter took place in Rome, where he also served as the head of Christians in the region and across the world. Guettee notes that many Christian believers and particularly Catholics believe that the Roman bishop received Peter’s mantle to lead the Christian flock across the world. Catholics also believe that before Peter died, he entrusted the bishop of Rome with the responsibilities of building and caring for established Church. With the existing belief and honor granted to the bishop of Rome as the leader and head of largest section of the Christian Church, and as an attribute to Peter, Adrian I declared himself as the Pope, a trend matured by Nicholas I and upheld further by King Gregory VII. Episcopacy is a form of government organization developed to rule the church (Dowley 196.). The rise of episcopacy in Christianity in the early Church attaches to the presbyter. Presbyter was a priest and overseer in the various churches and believed to develop from the Apostles of Jesus Christ during the spread of the Gospel. Papandrea explains that the concurrent growth and increase in population of Christians facilitated the formation of higher position of bishop of Rome, also considered as father bearing the great responsibility of exercising control of the Catholics in Rome and beyond (23). As the churches grew with characterization of multitude of followers, it became hard for the bishop to manage the churches single handedly, thus, the need to develop some other positions and offices to help manage the churches. The newly formed positions comprised the priests who were still presbyters and deacons, all of whom had the responsibilities of serving various divisions of Christians. Both the priest and the deacons were answerable to the bishop. It is worth noting that the deacons were assistants of the priests and, therefore, every church or congregation had the two dignitaries. Bishop of Rome enjoyed exclusive rights to appoint, dismiss the priests and deacons, approve church members and even baptize church members. Bishop of Rome also exercised absolute control over the finances of the various churches under his control and settled disputes among the church members. The Bishop of Rome also headed other bishops serving in other cities and countries. The entire system was what entailed the episcopacy. The bishop of Rome, otherwise known as the Pope, played various functions, center of which was the unification of the Christian religion (Dowley 200). Bishop of Rome mediated between Christians upon emergence of any conflicts and differences. For instance, Leo the Great met with the barbarians of Hun in 452 and the barbarians of Vandal in 455 to negotiate the modalities of restoring peace in Rome through withdrawal of the threats posed by the barbarians. Pope Gregory 1 also led negotiation with the Lombard barbarians in 592 to ensure withdrawal of the

Thursday, October 17, 2019

True Profession Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

True Profession - Article Example However, today’s business environment is considered to be dynamic and challenging, as the success of a business depends on the amount of trust they gain from their customers and stake holders. This has provided opportunities for well-known business schools to introduce new academic course integrating management code of ethics that would help in aligning management with other well-known professions such as lawyers, doctors, engineers and teachers. Considering the above stated scenario, it is also believed that the integration of the code of ethics in the MBA course will serve as competitive advantages for the students in the business market. It is also believed that having the world first Certified Business Professional (CBP) will allow the academic institution to stay ahead from other in-state MBA programs over other universities (Khurana & Nohria, â€Å"It’s Time to Make Management a True Profession†; Nohria, â€Å"A Hippocratic Oath for Management†). Wit h reference to the stated scenario it can be viewed that the dean of ODU’s College of Business and Public Administration (CBPA) is planning to implement oath at the Hippocratic Oath for Managers at this year’s graduation and initiating the new CBP program next year. In this regard, the plan of implementation of the management code can be considered as an effective approach. In this rapid changing environment it has been viewed that organization who succeed in gaining trust of the people sustains in the growing competitive market whereas organization who only focus on gaining profit dissolve within a short span of time. In this aspect implementing managerial code of conduct in the MBA would not only help in establishing a modern management approach but would also help in establishing a modern approach in the business world. It would not only provide numerous opportunities but would also change the way business operates today. The student oath is component of more preval ent initiative to turn management into profession similar to those of medical doctors and lawyers. The Hippocratic Oath promotes the notion of sustainable development. Additionally, it would also help in expanding the knowledge of the student as it would explore new field of studies and also help in understanding the business world deeply. Additionally introducing the process of Hippocratic Oath for manager in academic institutions would also help in producing loyal managers and would also motivate them to implement their skills and knowledge effectively for establishing the organization goal efficiently and through effective utilization of the organization resources (Khurana & Nohria, â€Å"It’s Time to Make Management a True Profession†; Nohria, â€Å"A Hippocratic Oath for Management†).The process of taking oath is viewed to provide a normative framework that helps in shaping the identity of a personnel and their responsibility towards the society specificall y for the people associated with their organization. In this world of shrinking public trust for business managers by the general public, introducing of ethical code would help in establishing a sense of trust and believe amid the stake holders resulting in more efficient functionality of the organization as people would feel secured to invest more in the organization. (ISFP, â€Å"

Promotional Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Promotional Analysis - Research Paper Example The area of the business is strategically located in order for its esteemed customers to access quickly. Because the store also has a high volume of individuals, it is situated in the center of the city and a very spacious locality. Due to greater demand for perfume across the world, the idea of note fragrance came into being. Moreover, the availability of materials as well as skilled labor required producing the product enhanced product generation, also there the high demand for quality and affordable fragrance perfumes boosted the business idea in its existence. Like any other business, the owners of note fragrance had an intention of making profit and employment generation to individuals around the world. In addition, strategic location of the company as well-advanced marketing strategies that are E-marketing among other online services boosted the Idea of generating the Note fragrance store. The business also requires little capital start as cheap and readily labor contributes in one way to another for the development of the fragrance shop. The idea of creating my perfumes emerges because passions and interest in perfumes. Apart from enjoying the beautiful scent of the perfume, I join the business for the sake of make profit and try to make ends meet. Due to readily available market for the product and sufficient infrastructure also boosts the need for one to invest heavily in the business. The product also does not only concentrate on particular individuals, but it cuts across to; young and old, men as well as women. Due to high demand and readily available market for the product, it will call for massive production that will increase the volumes of supplies hence meeting the customers demand at any given time across the world. Fragrance oil international limited is one of the major competitors, producing the same product as Note fragrance. In addition, luxury store also sells

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

East and West Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

East and West - Essay Example It is then that Jesus named Simon his chief disciple, giving him the name Peter meaning â€Å"rock†. At the point of the naming, Jesus blessed Simon and made his promise of building an everlasting and Holy Church upon the â€Å"rock† that was Simon Peter. Upon the death of Jesus Christ, Simon Peter became the Chief priest and head of the other disciples to spearhead the apostolic era spread of the Gospel. It then happened that Simon Peter became the first person among the disciples to establish the very first church in Rome (Dowley 195). As believed by many Catholics, the murder of Peter took place in Rome, where he also served as the head of Christians in the region and across the world. Guettee notes that many Christian believers and particularly Catholics believe that the Roman bishop received Peter’s mantle to lead the Christian flock across the world. Catholics also believe that before Peter died, he entrusted the bishop of Rome with the responsibilities of building and caring for established Church. With the existing belief and honor granted to the bishop of Rome as the leader and head of largest section of the Christian Church, and as an attribute to Peter, Adrian I declared himself as the Pope, a trend matured by Nicholas I and upheld further by King Gregory VII. Episcopacy is a form of government organization developed to rule the church (Dowley 196.). The rise of episcopacy in Christianity in the early Church attaches to the presbyter. Presbyter was a priest and overseer in the various churches and believed to develop from the Apostles of Jesus Christ during the spread of the Gospel. Papandrea explains that the concurrent growth and increase in population of Christians facilitated the formation of higher position of bishop of Rome, also considered as father bearing the great responsibility of exercising control of the Catholics in Rome and beyond (23). As the churches grew with characterization of multitude of followers, it became hard for the bishop to manage the churches single handedly, thus, the need to develop some other positions and offices to help manage the churches. The newly formed positions comprised the priests who were still presbyters and deacons, all of whom had the responsibilities of serving various divisions of Christians. Both the priest and the deacons were answerable to the bishop. It is worth noting that the deacons were assistants of the priests and, therefore, every church or congregation had the two dignitaries. Bishop of Rome enjoyed exclusive rights to appoint, dismiss the priests and deacons, approve church members and even baptize church members. Bishop of Rome also exercised absolute control over the finances of the various churches under his control and settled disputes among the church members. The Bishop of Rome also headed other bishops serving in other cities and countries. The entire system was what entailed the episcopacy. The bishop of Rome, otherwise known as the Pope, played various functions, center of which was the unification of the Christian religion (Dowley 200). Bishop of Rome mediated between Christians upon emergence of any conflicts and differences. For instance, Leo the Great met with the barbarians of Hun in 452 and the barbarians of Vandal in 455 to negotiate the modalities of restoring peace in Rome through withdrawal of the threats posed by the barbarians. Pope Gregory 1 also led negotiation with the Lombard barbarians in 592 to ensure withdrawal of the

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Promotional Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Promotional Analysis - Research Paper Example The area of the business is strategically located in order for its esteemed customers to access quickly. Because the store also has a high volume of individuals, it is situated in the center of the city and a very spacious locality. Due to greater demand for perfume across the world, the idea of note fragrance came into being. Moreover, the availability of materials as well as skilled labor required producing the product enhanced product generation, also there the high demand for quality and affordable fragrance perfumes boosted the business idea in its existence. Like any other business, the owners of note fragrance had an intention of making profit and employment generation to individuals around the world. In addition, strategic location of the company as well-advanced marketing strategies that are E-marketing among other online services boosted the Idea of generating the Note fragrance store. The business also requires little capital start as cheap and readily labor contributes in one way to another for the development of the fragrance shop. The idea of creating my perfumes emerges because passions and interest in perfumes. Apart from enjoying the beautiful scent of the perfume, I join the business for the sake of make profit and try to make ends meet. Due to readily available market for the product and sufficient infrastructure also boosts the need for one to invest heavily in the business. The product also does not only concentrate on particular individuals, but it cuts across to; young and old, men as well as women. Due to high demand and readily available market for the product, it will call for massive production that will increase the volumes of supplies hence meeting the customers demand at any given time across the world. Fragrance oil international limited is one of the major competitors, producing the same product as Note fragrance. In addition, luxury store also sells

Ethics in Information Technology Essay Example for Free

Ethics in Information Technology Essay Chad White (2009) discussed that by the end of 2008, retailers have been sending a record breaking number of promotional emails. The main question is, is this increase worth the price of all the negative consequences of such campaign? Cassar (2009) said that people had less money to spend in 2008 and that they view the internet as a deal seeking venue but not actually purchase online. There are a lot of costs associated with even simple system messages like, â€Å"You have items left in your cart. † Doubling the sending of these emails over the holiday period can cause some serious irritation, too, as the company can easily be marked as spam because of these emails that are being sent at least twice daily by some. Before actually spending out the money for these promotional mails, it might be better if the companies spend the extra cost in promotion by helping the customers save more, for instance, they can offer a promotional coupon or free shipping. Noguchi (2008) said that email has become too time-consuming for people that instead of aiding to get things accomplished, email has become a distraction from work being done. In another article, Noguchi (2008) said that family can be reasons for email overload as some members of the family love sending pictures, videos and all other stuff they can think of to every email address they have on file. These things can get really distracting especially at work. Suggestions to resolve this dilemma: a person can always limit messages in his mailbox, do not open personal emails at work, mark emails requiring action, use spam blockers, be alert on the proper subject headings (Asiado 2010). The key is being organized (Asiado 2010). Schaper (2009) said that one way to avoid email overload is taking a break from emails even once a week. In fact, his research showed one Chicago based company is implementing this exact same rule. They understand that email is important and necessary to business but it can just be toxic, hence this policy. Glenn (2008) said that there is practically no privacy at work. Everything done by an employee on a work computer can easily be seen by his employer as everything is saved in the company’s hard drive. There is only one suggestion to resolve this: avoid using work computer to do incriminating acts against your own person or another. References: Asiado, T. (2010). Tips How to Reduce Email Overflow at Work. Suite101. Retrieved, 14 July 2010, from http://businessmanagement. suite101. com/article. cfm/tips-to-reduce-email-overflow-at-work Cassar, K. (2009). Little Holiday Cheer Ahead for Online Retail. neilsenwire. Retrieved, 14 July 2010, from http://blog. nielsen. com/nielsenwire/consumer/little-holiday-cheer-ahead-for-online-retail/ Glenn, H. (2008). E-mail at Work: Tips to Keep You out of Trouble. npr. org. Retrieved, 14 July 2010, from http://www. npr. org/templates/story/story. php? storyId=91604666 Noguchi, Y. (2008). Help! Family Spam is Crowding My Inbox! npr. org. Retrieved, 14 July 2010, from http://www. npr. org/templates/story/story. php? storyId=91402876 Noguchi, Y. (2008). Make it Stop! Crushed by Too Many E-Mails. npr. org. Retrieved, 14 July 2010, from http://www. npr. org/templates/story/story. php? storyId=91366853 Schaper, D. (2009). An E-Mail Vacation: Taking Fridays Off. npr. org. Retrieved, 14 July 2010, from http://www. npr. org/templates/story/story. php? storyId=91724075 White, C. (2009). Email Volume Sets New Records During Holidays. mediapost. com. Retrieved, 14 July 2010, from http://www. mediapost. com/publications/? fa=Articles. showArticleart_aid=98215

Monday, October 14, 2019

family therapy

family therapy The concept of family therapy is perceived as a form of psychotherapy involving all the members of the nuclear family. Family therapy should be conducted by a team of therapists or at least a pair. In many situations the team should consist of a man and a woman so as to treat gender related issues used as a role model to the members of the family in question. The family therapy models are based on psychodynamic principles or behaviors while others are based on family systems theories which regard a family as a unit of treatment, as a whole while emphasizing on such values as communication patterns as opposed to traits and relationships (Medical Psychology, 2009, p. 1). The history of Murray Bowen interest in psychiatry as a physician dates back to 2nd world War. After the War Bowen became trained and worked at the Menninger Clinic at Kansas: Topeka which is very famous; founded by two brothers who were practitioners of psychoanalytic technique in psychiatry. Bowen had a feeling of confusion as well trapped at the Menninger dynamics. The particular issue that gave him distress was the manner in which the two brothers and the employees were involving patients and other employees in crazy making interactions. He realized that he was in a position to think of the problem in the clinic while traveling but could become dysfunctional immediately he reported back to work. He discovered that the families of schizophrenic patients who were victims of the War communicated in disturbed manner. The patients symptoms were noted to rise or fall dependent on the tension between the parents (Medical Psychology, 2009, p. 1). Bowen came to a realization that he could be able to think more clearly of his own family of origin dynamics in those times that he spent away form his family of origin. He discovered that family members had a tendency to complain to him of other familys members without talking directly to the persons about the problem. He came to a realization that he could be in a position to think more clearly of what was happening when not communicating with any of the family members encountering more difficulties when communication with the complainant (Medical Psychology, 2009, p. 1). Its based on these observations that he set a course towards deliberately changing his own ways of interacting with his family. In a speech he delivered in a professional meeting he disclosed his endeavor in the family approach breaking therapist tradition of never disclosing own family information and published a paper that became very famous on his family of origin known as Framo in 1972 (Medical Psychology, 2009, p. 1). Bowen theorized that people who are mentally ill were caught in the pattern of their families fusion or undifferentiated ego mass to an extent that they are symptoms careers for the illness of the entire family rather than characterologically flawed ill. Bowen would hospitalize the entire family so that he could treat the emotional problem rather than offer treatment to the individual (Medical Psychology, 2009, p. 1). The key concepts in the in Bowens family psychodynamics included: Differentiated self; the concept of differentiation of self refers to an individuals ability to maintain strong sense of self while still maintaining strong connectivity with a strong emotional system. A person is able to differentiate what one thinks and feels as separated from system dynamics whereby an individual is able to think and act on his/ her own opinion with no influence from the family members influence; acting on personal judgment. Such a person can have other peoples opinions and advice but make an independent decision. Bowen notes that differentiation of the self in a family dynamic as opposed to an individual characteristic. The process is observable through friendship, family or work. A person should get to a level of differentiating emotions from thoughts (Nichols Schwartz, 2001, p. 140). Fusion; is the opposite of self differentiation where Bowen noted that all people endeavor to balance intimacy from autonomy. Without autonomy one may not be able to think for him/herself. This leads to easily being swayed by other peoples opinions and feelings emanating from the natural tendency to feel connected and have intimacy with others. On the other hand there is a feeling of anxiety when we start losing our autonomy hence an attempt to develop a separate self. Bowen hence argues that most of behaviors are the rational attempts to balance between the separateness and the natural togetherness. The fusion of anxiety leads to emotionality and reactivity under stress (Titelman, 1998, p. 21). Triangulation: Bowen pointed out that emotionally significant relationships are shadowed by third parties who may include; relatives, workmates and the work itself, objects and memories. He noted that relationships are dynamics where there are cycles of closeness of distance whereby triangles may develop during distance times. In a situation where one person undergoes through more distress he/she is likely to identify another person elsewhere so as to have an ally. Sometimes the significant other may offer help when they sense conflict (Nichols Schwartz, 2001, p. 137). Counselors role The role of counselor in the process of development of psychodynamic approaches within family systems therapy as presented by Bowen revolves around the goals of therapy. One of the major goals of this therapy is to reduce anxiety as one increases differentiation of self. Its incumbent for the councilor first to note the problem in the patient and help the client first accept that they have a problem. Any healing process will emanate from admitting that indeed the problem exists (Nichols Schwartz, 2001, p. 137-171). The councilor has a role to use his/her experience in tracing the family pattern. As Bowen argues a client is symptom carrier for the entire nuclear family and hence an attempt to treat the patient without treating the entire family will be just cooling the problem for sometime for the root of the problem is not identified; tracing the family pattern helps the councilor to understand the core of the problem so as to offer cure to the sickness rather than to the symptoms. The counselor will do this through paying attention to patterns of emotional reactivity and paying attention to the structures that includes interlocking triangles (Nichols Schwartz, 2001, p. 137-171). The counselor should endeavor to create a connection with the family members while working on their levels of anxiety and emotional arousals in the entire system. He/she should also define parameters of central symptomatic triangles. The therapist should remain free of emotional entanglement so that he will not feel stuck. He should coach the client in that the client will cultivate responses. He should be clear to the client of what he feels, not giving confusing sentiments (Nichols Schwartz, 2001, p. 137-171). The role of a client in the Bowens model to the development of psychodynamic approaches within family systems therapy facilitates the treatment process. The greatest role of a client is to show cooperation in the therapy process, as mach as a counselor may have the relevant experience, the success of this therapy is dependent on the client. Since the councilor takes the role of a couch the client will have to obey the couch to get over the problem. He should answer the questions directed to him/her truthfully. The client should create conducive environment that will enable the counselor to offer the necessary help. For example in the tracing of the family patterns a therapist can not be able to do it without the assistance of the client. This calls for trust and openness on the part of the client towards the counselor (Williamson, 2002, p, 115- 117). The client will have to accept that they have a problem and realize the need for securing solution. The client should be keen to listen to the instructions commit themselves to the healing process by comply with and implement all the instructions to the letter. The client should have readjustment of the mind. If he/she has always believed that he can only make a decision based on what others especially family members say, then such calls for an absolute turn to making decisions based on own personality (Williamson, 2002, p. 115- 117). Advantages and limitations of Bowens family therapy This model on family therapy is one of the most distinctive models for its in-depth approach an evaluation of the family beyond the symptoms in the present. The focus which it takes in the on the emotional process over individuals or generations differentiation in their systematic context does offer a therapist a multi level view which has been reserved for psychodynamic therapies (Corey, 2005, p. 421-424). The approach is able to pay attention to the emotional interaction of the therapist as well as that of their client. This process expects that in one way or the other a therapists life applies to the therapy process in one way or the other. In this way the therapist is able to remain Meta to the clients family system (Corey, 2005, p. 421-424). Research has identified family therapy system as having several advantages. Its principles have been used by many therapists in family settings. The approach has an advantage of broadening the perception of a therapist through incorporation of the family system theory in therapy process. It provides a practitioner with a holistic perception of the problem in question and hence easily come up with treatment measures (SPB, 2007, para. 4). It also has strength in relation to developing a solution to a problem in that it takes into account the congregation as a whole. It considers a family as a living organism which is continually affected by all the elements that comprise the whole (Prest Protinskey, 1993, 352-360). Hence it provides a global view of an individual with a problem and his/her social constructs; it may offer a more exhaustive therapy in light of this (Carr, 2006, p. 56). Some of the limitations that that have been outlined in relation to Bowens model include: therapist have identified that its not always possible to integrate the entire family into the treatment process; even though if a therapist is able to change an individual to fit into the system, he/she will play a key role in bringing the entire family into the healing process. Bowens family therapy model is found to ignore many of the positive roles of familys togetherness and may be malfunctioned to an individual from collective cultures. Critique to Bowens approach Bowens model of family theory has not escaped the eyes of rational criticism on its approach to the concept of family therapy; several of Bowens therapists have acknowledged that wider focus on the approach by Bowen can be a drawback since many clients are focusing only on addressing symptoms relief n nuclear family. They argue that the symptom reduction approach by Bowen is perceived just a groundwork from which families are free to proceed to less anxiously to working on de-triangling and enhanced levels of differentiation. In this lies a clear risk of discrepancies in client and therapist purposes (Kerr Bowen, 1988, p. 395). The approach has been criticized as having paid too much attention on mothers contribution in the symptom development in children. Some evidence to the allegation can be found by scanning the index to Kerr and Bowen (1988). In the two theorists publications fathers do not affirm a category yet mothers are referenced in relation to families of schizophrenics, levels of differentiation in the child, and their role in triangles (Kerr Bowen, 1988, p. 395). They have been criticized as having failed to contextualize maternal behavior. Patriarchal supposition regarding male / female roles along with family organization are not recognized or critiqued, leaving women susceptible to having their socially approved roles pathologised. Women are readily labeled as over fretful, and their vigorous, relational role in families too effortlessly labeled as undifferentiated. There is no puzzlement of societal norms that can be seen to [school] females into undifferentiating by teaching them always to put others needs first (Corey, 2005, p. 421-424). Conclusion Bowen has been recorded as being among the first people to pioneer the network of family relationships. His family system therapy has a very comprehensive view of human behavior and relationships (Nichols Schwartz, 2001, p. 317). In his theoretical formulations he talked about differentiation of self, triangulation, nuclear family emotional process, family projection process, and Multigenerational Transmission Process. Basically family therapy system represents a hypothesis which perceives a family as an emotional unit which employs system thinking in the description of a complex interaction within that unit. The model has been utilized by many therapists in transforming marriages and familys life. It has clearly showed the connection between an individuals problem to role of the family in extrapolating of the problem. The model attempts to explain the need of individuals in a family setting developing individuality. The model has profoundly showed the effect of each others thought feelings and action to an individual. It uses systematic thinking n describing complex interaction of a family that is considered as an emotional unit. The theory is based on the principle of interconnectivity and reactivity in a familys emotional setting. The model observes a clients problematic behavior as serving a function for the family. The individual problematic behavior may also serve as a familys inability in productivity.teh maladaptive behavior may be a manifestation of dysfunctional patters that have been passed down from one generation to another (Corey, 2001, p. 384-451). References Medical Psychology. (2009). Family Therapy. Retrieved on 17th January, 2010 from: http://www.answers.com/library/Medical+Encyclopedia-cid-2882124 Nichols, M. Schwartz, R. (2001). Bowen family system therapy. In M. P. Nichols R. C. Schwartz, Family therapy: Concepts and methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Williamson, S. (2002). The Intimacy Paradox: Personal Authority in the Family System The Guilford Family Therapy Series, New York, NY: Guilford Press. Titelman, P. (1998). Clinical Applications of Bowen Family Systems Theory: Haworth marriage and the family. New York, NY: Rutledge. Corey, G. (2005). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. New Jersey, NJ: Cengage Learning, 2005 Michael, E. (1988). Murray Bowen Family evaluation: an approach based on Bowen theory. London, UK: Norton. Prest, L. Protinsky, H. (1993). Family systems theory: A unifying framework for the codependence. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 21(4), 352-360. Carr, A. (2006). Family Therapy: Concepts, Process and Practice, 2nd Edition. London, UK: John Wiley Sons Ltd. Social Psychology Blog 2. (2007). A Theoretical Overview of Family Systems Theory within the Discipline of Social Psychology. Retrieved on 17th January, 2010 from: http://secondattemptatblog.blogspot.com/2007/10/blog-2-theroretical-overview-of-family.html Corey, G. (2001). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 6th Edition. Stamford: Brooks/Cole Publishing, 384-451.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

The Universal Truths of King Lear Essay examples -- King Lear essays

The Universal Truths of King Lear   Ã‚  Ã‚   Edgar:   O, matter and impertinency mixed, Reason in madness!   (4.6.192-93)      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reason in madness, truth in suffering, and sight in blindness all contain the same basic meaning.   In order to find and recognize our real selves and the truth, we must suffer. These various themes are continually illustrated throughout Shakespeare's King Lear. Their effects are not solely felt by Lear and Gloucester.   All sincerely "good" characters in the play must, in some way, suffer before they can gain wisdom and truth.   Some characters are made to suffer more, some less.   The truths and wisdom gained are what give the drama its substance.   These truths are universal. The "good" characters represent everyone with their as they gain knowledge from suffering.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lear, is the character most obviously made to suffer.   In the beginning of the drama, Lear is unable to see the good in his daughter Cordelia.   He is so egotistical that when Cordelia explains her love for him is that of a daughter for her father, he becomes enraged.   He desires to hear she loves him more than she could love anyone, ever.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cordelia: Good my lord,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   You have begot me, bred me, loved me.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I return those duties back as are right fit:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Obey you, love you, and most honor you........   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That lord whose hand must take my plight shall carry   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Half my love with him, half my care and duty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sure I shall never marry like my sisters,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To love my father all. (1.1.105-15)    Cordelia's plight is only one of the many truths Lear is unable to see. Since he is king, h... ...so must the characters go through some type of suffering to appreciate the goodness, truth, and wisdom.    Works Cited and Consulted Bradley, A.C. "King Lear." 20Lh Century Interpretations of King Lear. Ed. Jane Adelman. New Jersev; Prentice-Hall, 1978. Colie, Rosalie. Some Faces of King Lear. Ed. R. Colie & F.T. Flahiff. UniversitV of Toronto Press, 1994. Curry, Walter. Shakespeare s Philosophical Patterns. London: Mass Peter  Ã‚   Smith, 1968.  Ã‚   Hunter, Robert G. Criticism on Shakespeare s Tragedies.. University of Georgia Press, 1996. Matthews, Richard. "Edmund's Redemption in King Lear". Shakespeare Quarterly. Winter, 19q5. pps. 25-29. Shakespeare, William. King Lear. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Canada Inc. Toronto. 1990. Snyder, Susan. "King Lear and the Prodigal Son." Shakespeare Quarterly. Autumn 1966. pps. 361-369.

Saturday, October 12, 2019

Key Elements of Successful Leadership Essay -- servant leadership chri

Key Elements of Successful Leadership John Quincy Adams provided one of my favorite quotes on leadership; â€Å"If your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more, do more and become more, you are a leader.† In its most basic form leadership refers to influence. Though leaders often help us to accomplish more, poor leadership can also be the source of extreme frustration. The importance of good leadership is apparent on a college campus. Many organizations run smoothly and efficiently while others are mired in chaos and confusion; the difference is leadership. The college setting provides many opportunities for the development of leadership expertise. I believe three common factors exist in all successful leadership; a focus on people, clear communication, and character. A good leader understands that he or she cannot accomplish anything without the support of followers. The best way to develop this support is by showing love, dignity, and respect to the people being led. The secular manager can apply the principles of this model, but only a Christian can understand the reasoning behind it. A proper perspective recognizes that â€Å"all people have inherent value by virtue of being created in the image of God, and thus [have] an inherent right to develop to their fullest potential.† (Hind, 20) Instead of using people in order to accomplish goals, Christian leaders should accomplish goals in order to develop people. I often get involved in leadership roles for self-promotion and increased status. However, the Scriptural model of leadership is much different. Jesus is the ultimate example of what is oft labeled servant leadership. Servant leadership is the submission of the leader’s ego and will in order to meet... ...rinciples in the pursuit of Christlike leadership. Above all I must realize that leadership is not about personal glory, but it is about the mission that God has given me, and the people that I am responsible to lead. Works Cited: Brown, Bill â€Å"Three Perspectives on Leadership† 4/16/2004 Speech given to Organizational Leadership class Dubrin, Andrew J. Leadership: Research Findings, Practice and Skills 2nd Edition Houghton Mifflin Company, Princton, NJ, 1998 Hind, James F. The Heart & Soul of Effective Management (1989) Victor Books, Wheaton, Ill. Lewis, Jone Johnson â€Å"Leadership Quotes†  © 1995-2003 http://www.wisdomquotes.com/cat_leadership.html Maxwell, John C. The 21 Indispensable Qualities of a Leader (1999) Thomas Nelson Publishers, New York, NY Swindoll, Charles R. Hand Me Another Brick (1978) Thomas Nelson Publishers, New York, NY

Friday, October 11, 2019

Nursing and Health Care Essay

1. In 1200 B.C., the ill were treated with a mixture of physical, prayer, and magic spells. Temples were health centers. From the 1st-10th century initial care was at the local bishop’s house. They had deacons and deaconesses. In the 19th century, nurses cared for patients while at the risk of exposure to disease. Nursing in hospitals expanded in the 19th century, but nursing the communities did not increase significantly until 1893 when the Henry Street Settlement opened and focused on the health needs of poor people who lived in tenements in New York City. 2. 3. Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities; prevention of illness and injury; alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response; and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations. 4. She saw the role of nursing as having â€Å"charge of somebody’s health† based on the knowledge of â€Å"how to put the body in such a state to be free of disease or to recover from disease.† She was the first nurse epidemiologist who connected poor sanitation with cholera and dysentery. 5. There were no standards to help control disease. Nursing was not a distinct profession. 6. Florence Nightingale-implemented methods to improve battlefield sanitation, which ultimately reduced illness, infection, and mortality. Clara Barton- 1st woman to gain employment in the federal government and is the founder of the American Red Cross and tended to soldiers on the battlefield, cleansing their wounds, meeting their basic needs and comforting them in death. Dorothea Lynde Dix-School teacher, founded schools, advocate for the mentally ill, formed an army nursing corps, and organized hospitals and ambulatory services. Mary Eliza Mahoney- 1st African-American RN in the USA, concerned with relationships between cultures and races, Cofounder of The National Association of Colored People. Isabel Hampton Robb- founder of modern ANA and American nursing theory, established nursing standards, develop a grading policy, author of nursing textbooks. Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster opened the Henry Street Settlement. 7. Theories are designed to explain a phenomenon such as self-care or caring. A nursing theory is a conceptualization of some aspect of nursing that describes, explains, predicts, or prescribes nursing. It helps to identify the focus, means, and goals of practice. Theories give us perspective for assessing our patients’ situations and organizing data and methods for analyzing and interpreting information. Integration of theory into practice is the basis for professional nursing. PROFESSIONALISM 1. Caring, Competence, Collaboration, Critical thinking, Commitment to Holistic care, Integrity, Responsibility, and Accountability. 2. A profession requires a basic liberal foundation and an extended education of its members, it has a theoretical body of knowledge leading to defined skills, abilities, and norms, it provides a specific service, members of a profession have autonomy in decision making and practice, and the profession as a whole has a code of ethics for practice. 3. LPN Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN)- 2 year program that focuses on the basic sciences and theoretical and clinical courses related to the practice of nursing. Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN)- 4 year programs that focuses on the basic sciences; theoretical and clinical courses; and courses in the social sciences, arts, and humanities to support the nursing theory Master’s Degree- is important for the roles of a nurse educator and nurse administrator, and it is required for an advanced practice registered nurse Doctoral * Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)- Emphasize more basic research and theory and research-oriented * Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP)- practice-focused and provides skills in obtaining expanded knowledge through the formulation and interpretations of evidence-based practice 4. Caregiver- help patients maintain and regain health, manage disease and symptoms, and attain a maximal level function and independence through the healing process. Advocate- protect your patient’s human and legal rights and provide assistance in asserting these rights if the need arises. Educator- explain concepts and facts about health, describe the reason for routine care activities, demonstrate procedures such as self-care activities, reinforce learning or patient behavior, and evaluate the patient’s progress in learning. Communicator- it allows you to know your patients’ strengths, weaknesses, and their needs. Without it you cannot give comfort and emotional support, make decisions with patients and families, give care effectively, protect patients from threats to well-being, coordinate and manage patient care, assist in patient rehabilitation, or provide patient education. Manager- uses appropriate leadership styles to create a nursing environment for the patients and staff that reflect the mission and values of the health care organization. 5. Licensure- Must pass NCLEX to receive license. This provides a standard minimized knowledge base for nurses. 6. Certified by national nursing organizations in about 20 specific areas of nursing practice. After passing an exam, maintain certification by completing CEU’s. 7. According to Benner, an expert nurse passes through five levels of proficiency when acquiring and developing generalist or specialized nursing skills. Novice-beginning nursing student learns via a specific set of rules or procedures. Advanced Beginner-Nurse has had some level of experience, may be observational, but is able to identify meaningful aspects or principles of nursing care. Competent- establish long-range goals, and has been in the same position for 2-3 years with an understanding of organization and specific care required by the type of patient. Proficient- Same clinical position for 2-3 years, focuses on managing care, and is able to assess an entire situation and can readily transfer knowledge gained from multiple previous experiences to a situation. Expert-can focus on multiple dimensions of a situation and has an intuitive grasp of an existing or potential clinical problem. Skilled at identifying patient-centered problems and problems related to the health care sys tem. 8. 9. Advanced Practice Nurse-most independent nurse, has master’s degree in nursing; advanced education in pathophysiology, pharmacology, and physical assessment; and certification and expertise in a specialized area of practice-clinical nurse specialist, certified nurse practitioner, certified nurse midwife, and certified RN anesthetist. Nurse Educator-works primarily in schools of nursing, staff development department of health care agencies, and patient education departments. Must have experience in clinical practice to provide them with practical skills and theoretical knowledge. Nurse Administrator- manages patient care and the delivery of specific nursing services within a health care agency. Examples: assistant nurse manager, nurse manager, house supervisor, director of nursing, and chief nurse executive or vice president. Nurse Researcher- investigates problems to improve nursing care and further define and expand the scope of nursing practice. 10. National League for Nursing-advances excellence in nursing education to prepare nurses to meet the needs of a diverse population in a changing health care environment. American Nurses Association- improves standards of health and availability of health care, to foster high standards for nursing, and to promote the professional development and general and economic welfare of nurses. International Council of Nursing- promote national associations of nurses, improving standards of nursing practice, seeking higher status for nurses, and providing an international power base for nurses. National Student Nurses Association/ Student Nurse Association of PA- consider issues of importance to nursing students such as career development and preparation for licensing. Specialty Organizations- seek to improve the standards of practice, expand nursing roles, and foster the welfare of nurses within specialty areas. Publish journals and present educational programs. 11. 12. Problem-solving approach to clinical practice that involves the conscientious use of current best evidence, along with clinical expertise and patient preferences and values in making decisions about patient care. 13. Ask a clinical question that is problem focused. Collect the most relevant and best evidence. Critically appraise the evidence you gather. Integrate all evidence with one’s clinical expertise and patient preferences and values in making a practice decision or change. Evaluate the practice decision or change. Share knowledge. LEGAL ISSUES IN NURSING PRACTICE 1. Statutory Law- written by state legislature and U.S. Congress-may be a civil or criminal offense. Civil laws protect the rights of individuals within our society and provide for fair and equitable treatment when civil wrongs or violations occur. Fines or community service and examples are malpractice or negligence. Criminal laws protect society as a whole and provide punishment for crimes, which are defined as municipal, state, and federal legislation-felony or misdemeanor. Administrative Law (Regulatory Law)-reflects decisions made by administrative bodies such as State Boards of Nursing when they pass rules and regulations. Common Law-results from judicial decision made in courts when individual legal cases are decided-informed consent, patients right to refuse treatment, negligence, and malpractice. 2. Federal laws- body of laws that were created by the federal government of the country. Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Law (EMTALA)- when patient comes to emergency department an appropriate medical screening occurs within the capacity of the hospital- cannot discharge or transfer patient until they are stable. The Health Care Quality Improvement Act of 1986. Patient Bill of Right- became patient care partnership given out to patients. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)- prohibits discrimination and ensures for persons with disabilities equal opportunities in employment, state and local government services, public accommodations, commercial facilities, and transportation. People with HIV do not have to disclose their disability. Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA)-requires health care institutions to provide written information to patients concerning their right under state law to make decisions including the right to refuse treatment and formulate advance directives. Patients records need to document whether or not the patient has signed an advance directive. For living wills or durable powers of attorney for health care to be enforceable, the patient must be legally incompetent or lack to the capacity to make decisions regarding health care treatment. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)-protects individu als from losing their health care insurance when changing jobs by providing portability. These rules create patient rights to consent to the use and disclosure of their protected health information, to inspect and copy one’s medical record, and to amend mistaken or incomplete information. State Laws-Mandatory Reporting Laws-communicable diseases, school immunizations, suspected neglect and abuse, legal immunity provided to the reporter, may face civil or criminal action if nor reported. Good Samaritan Laws-limit liability and offer legal immunity if a nurse helps at the scene of an accident. Nurse Practice Act- describe and define the legal boundaries of nursing practice within each state. Scope of Practice-perform a procedure in which you have training for, distinguishes between nursing and malpractice. 3. RN-licensed and educated in nursing process and critical thinking; responsible for who you delegate to. LPN- licensed but does not cover assessment of patient. Can collect data but must give to nurse. NA/PCT- not licensed 4. Standards of care are set by ANA and are the legal requirements for nursing practice that describe the minimum acceptable nursing care. Nurse practice act defines scope of nursing practice, distinguishing between nursing and medical practice and establishing education and licensure requirements for nurses. Internal-Standards defined within hospital. External- developed by ANA and TJC-accredited body of the hospital-health department. 5. Established to help accredited organizations address specific areas of concern in regards to patient safety. Identify patients correctly. Improve staff communication. Use medicines safely. Prevent infection. Identify patient safety risks. Prevent mistakes in surgery. 6. Advance directive include living wills, health care proxies, and durable powers of attorney for health care. They are based on values of informed consent, patient autonomy over end-of-life decisions, truth telling, and control over the dying process. 7. Living wills represent written documents that direct treatment in accordance with a patient’s wishes in the event of a terminal illness or condition. The patient is able to declare which medical procedures he or she wants or does not want when terminally ill or in a vegetative state. Durable Power of Attorney for health care is a legal document that designates a person or persons of one’s choosing to make health care decisions when the patient is no lo nger able to make decisions on his or her own behalf. 8. 9. 10. Negligence is conduct that falls below a standard of care. Courts define negligence cases as the degree of care that an ordinarily careful and prudent person would use under the same or similar circumstances. 11. Malpractice is a type of negligence and is often referred to as professional negligence. When nursing care falls below a standard of care, nursing malpractice occurs. 12. Assault- any action that places a person in apprehension of a harmful or offensive contact without consent. Battery-any intentional touching without consent. False Imprisonment-unjustified restraint of a person without legal warrant and requires the patient be aware of confinement. Defamation of Character- publication of false statements that result in damage to a persons’ reputation. Invasion of Privacy- the release of a patient’s medical information to an unauthorized person such as a member of the press, the patient’s employer, or the patient’s family. Breach of Confidenti ality-

Thursday, October 10, 2019

Common Core Standards Essay

Much like the runways of Paris with its changing fashion trends, the world of education follows trends as well. Educators cringe when they hear â€Å"No Child Left Behind† some ten years beyond its advent. Now, the phrases â€Å"Common Core† and â€Å"Student Learning Objectives† have teachers seeing red. However, despite the latest and greatest trends to boost student achievement, the very same students in the United States continue to underperform on a global scale in Mathematics. In 2012, the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) bore out results that â€Å"29 nations and jurisdictions outperformed the United States by a statistically significant margin,† (Heiten, 2013). In order for our students to rise to a position high on the performance scale of nations, students must master the basics in all subjects, but more specifically in the area of Mathematics. In an effort to develop students with a deeper understanding of mathematical and language and reading concepts, forty-five states (my home state of Maryland being one of them) and the District of Columbia have adopted the Common Core Standards, a system of expected benchmarks for students in grades K-12. According to the Common Core State Standards Initiative website, the standards â€Å"define the knowledge and skills students should have within their K-12 education careers so that they will graduate high school able to succeed in entry-level, credit-bearing academic college courses and in workforce training programs,† (Common Core State Standards Initiative, 2014). The local statistics mirror the national data. Both present conditions which are symptomatic of a larger systemic problem; American students are not mastering mathematical concepts at any level. The learning environment is a fourth grade inclusion classroom in a neighborhood school in the suburban Washington, D.C. (Maryland) area. Students in the class are differently abled. The class has students with Individualized Learning Plans (IEP) to accommodate varying needs from Asperger’s Syndrome to mild intellectual disabilities. There are also students who have been tested and identified as Talented and Gifted (TAG), as well as on grade level learners. Students are taught in whole group, differentiated small groups, and occasional pull out sessions with specialists. Current Conditions There are twenty-one students in the fourth grade inclusion classroom. All students took a standardized unit test in October 2013 that tested the Common Core Standards taught in the first quarter of the 2013-2014 school year. Of these, Standard 4.OA.B – Find all factor pairs for a whole number in the range 1–100. Recognize that a whole number is a multiple of each of its factors. Determine whether a given whole number in the range 1–100 is a multiple of a given one-digit number. Determine whether a given whole number in the range 1–100 is prime or composite, (Common Core State Standards Initiative, 2014), only 20% scored at a level of â€Å"proficient† on standardized (MUST Test Result Data, 2013). The lack of proficiency in this standard is symptomatic of the underlying condition I have encountered; students have not yet mastered basic multiplication facts. Without mastery of basic multiplication facts 0-12, students are unable to manipulate and perform operations on fractions and decimals and subsequent pre-algebra concepts in the latter half of fourth grade and continuing into following grades through high school. Desired Conditions The current conditions for the fourth grade class is at 20% of students who have performed at a â€Å"proficient† level of mastery in basic mathematical facts. This is equivalent to a grade of 80%, or a â€Å"B†, in traditional percentage and letter grading systems used in the US. The desired state of performance is the inverse of the current statistics; 80% should have mastery at a level of proficient or advanced and 20% performing at minimal or below grade level standards. After mastering basic facts, students will be able to not only identify multiples and factors of numbers 1-100, they will also be able to perform operations on fractions and later, algebraic statements. Data Collection Processes Discussion of Data Collection Instruments The designer developed a survey for teachers of grades three through five in order to help determine where problems or areas of deficiency are in current math. The first two questions asked the percentage of their students who are currently proficient in accuracy and automaticity in multiplication facts. In other questions, respondents ranked their responses using a Likert Scale,  which helped to identify their attitude on the necessity of students mastering basic multiplication facts currently in order to develop a deeper understanding of current and future mathematical concepts. In the questionnaire, respondents were asked to rank what they believe to be their students’ biggest challenges in mastering this specific standard. Questions also asked the extent to which computer aided instruction is used in helping aid in mastery of multiplication facts. In getting answers to these questions, I will use the data to identify several factors; impact of teacher’s attitude t oward remediating students in basic facts that should have been mastered in the previous grade, and time dedicated to instruction and practice in this particular standard. Discussion of Sources of Data Six intermediate elementary (grades three through five) classroom teachers who instruct students in mathematics answered the survey and questionnaire. Students of these teachers range from those with special needs, general education needs, and also students identified as â€Å"Talented and Gifted† (TAG). Data Gathered Through Other Sources Quantitative data was gathered from the Prince George’s County Public Schools Mandatory Unit Systems Test (MUST) in Mathematics administered countywide to fourth grade students in 146 elementary schools. Specific data used in this needs analysis was limited to one fourth grade inclusion classroom, Lake Arbor Elementary, where the designer is the teacher. The designer collected further quantitative data from the same inclusion class on timed multiplication tests where twenty-two students answered 100 multiplication facts (0-12) problems in five minutes. Data Analysis Techniques Used The survey and questionnaire were designed to gather data that would substantiate the need for students to master basic multiplication skills in intermediate elementary grades. The survey was used to gather both qualitative and quantitative data based on teachers giving percentage results of students’ current level of performance. Teachers also ranked what they believed would improve their teaching of mathematics in the classroom. The questionnaire was designed to gather data on teachers’  attitudes of the importance of student mastery of basic multiplication facts. The questionnaire also served as a tool to gain input on the challenges the believe limit their students from performing on grade level in mathematics, particularly in mastering basic multiplication facts. Finally, teachers were given the opportunity to answer an open-ended question, which gauged their attitude toward the importance of mastery of basic multiplication facts in the modern world and classroom . Results of Analysis Question one of the survey asked what percentage of your students can answer basic multiplication facts with accuracy on most occasions. Findings of Needs Analysis While a majority of respondents determined mastery of basic multiplication facts as â€Å"essential for success in their current grade,† it is of note that two teachers said mastery of basic facts are â€Å"desirable, but not as important as in past year.† This information would indicate teachers’ attitudes are moving away memorization of facts, possibly due to the  widespread availability of technological applications that students can or will use in the classroom and later in life. The attitude towards the lowering of importance of rote memory skills for facts reflects the larger societal dependence on technology. Applications on smartphones and mobile devices are becoming increasingly used in place of mental math and are utilized both by the current generation of students in elementary school now, but also by the newer generation of teachers who instruct them. To further deepen the understanding of the philosophical shift in importance of memorization of multiplication facts, teachers were asked if they administered timed multiplication tests in their classroom. Furthermore, teachers were asked if they encourage an atmosphere of healthy competition for mastery of the facts amongst their students. While all six respondents reported that they do administer timed multiplication tests, only one teacher stated that there was an atmosphere of â€Å"healthy competition† amongst her students where they challenge one another to higher levels of performance. The information suggests that while teachers are still administering the tests as part of regular instruction, the instructors’ attitude of the importance of them as a way to aid in student mastery of facts is evidenced in the lack of encouragement by both teacher and students to achieve at higher levels. Finally in the questionnaire, teachers were asked to rank factors they believe to be the biggest challenge(s) their students face that prevent them from performing on grade level in their current math instruction. The two most common responses amongst all respondents cited both a lack of support from parents in practice of math facts and a lack of basic understanding and mastery of basic mathematical facts from addition and subtraction up to division and multiplication as the biggest barriers to student success. Goal of Instruction Given practice in automaticity and accuracy, fourth grade students will be able to independently complete 100 multiplication problems of basic facts 0-12 in five minutes time with an increase in automaticity and accuracy of 50% over a ten-week period as measured by a pre-test and post-test assessments. Having this knowledge will enable students to manipulate and perform operations on fractions and mixed numbers, as well as deepen their knowledge of factors and multiples for future instruction.